Bhagavad Gita Verse 44, Chapter 18

02 Tuesday Jul 2013

Posted by in 18.44, chapter 18 verse 44, karma, krishigaurakshyavaanijyam, paricharyaatmakam, shoodrasya, svabhaavajam, vaishyakarma

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krishigaurakshyavaanijyam vaishyakarma svabhaavajam |
paricharyaatmakam karma shoodrasyaapi svabhaavajam || 44 ||
 
Agriculture, cattle rearing and trade are natural duties of the vaishya. Service oriented actions are the natural duties of the shoodra.
 
krishigaurakshyavaanijyam : agriculture, cattle rearing and trade
vaishyakarma : duties of the vaishya
svabhaavajam : natural
paricharyaatmakam : service oriented actions
karma : duties
shoodrasya : of the shoodra
api : also
svabhaavajam : natural
 
Shri Krishna now describes the duties of the vaishya and shoodra varnas. The mental makeup of vaishyas prods them to raise, invest and trade in capital, goods and services. Although the shloka mentions agriculture, cattle rearing and trade, the broader concern of vaishyas is money. They are guided by the economic motive behind all their actions. Vaishyas play a critical role in any society by starting and maintaining the engine of the economy. They ensure that the needs of society are met by providing what it needs at the right place, time and for the right price.
 
Shoodras comprise the service sector. They pursue occupations where they can serve society in an individual capacity. They have a lower tolerance for risk as compared to kshatriyas and vaishyas, since the proportion of rajas is lower. Therefore, they prefer to work in occupations where they render their services to society and in return, are compensated for their services appropriately. Like any other varna, their natural inclination to do a certain type of work is enhanced by gaining the right skills and training needed to perform their tasks well.
 
We should refrain from harbouring any notion that one varna is better than the other. The human body itself is said to be made up of four varnas. The mind is a braahmana, the hands are kshatriyas, the thighs are vaishyas and the legs are shoodras. The body cannot function properly if any component is malfunctioning. Similarly, society cannot function when one varna does not perform its natural duties. Societies that encourage each individual to realize their full potential tend to flourish. With this shloka, Shri Krishna concludes the description of the four varnas.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 43, Chapter 18

01 Monday Jul 2013

Posted by in 18.43, apalaayanam, chapter 18 verse 43, daakshyam, daanam, dhritihi, eeshvarabhaavaha, karma, kshaatram, shauryam, svabhaavajam, tejaha, yuddhe

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shauryam tejo dhritirdaakshyam yuddhe chaapyapalaayanam |
daanameeshvarabhaavashcha kshaatram karma svabhaavajam || 43 ||
 
Valour, fearlessness, fortitude, resourcefulness, and also, not fleeing in war, charity, and the ability to rule, are the natural duties of a kshatriya.
 
shauryam : valour
tejaha : fearlessness
dhritihi : fortitude
daakshyam : resourcefulness
yuddhe : in war
cha : and
api : also
apalaayanam : not fleeing
daanam : charity
eeshvarabhaavaha : ability to rule
cha : and
kshaatram : of a kshatriya
karma : duties
svabhaavajam : natural
 
Any society requires law and order, a system to levy and deploy taxation, protection against external invaders and other such administrative functions. Even a small village comprising a handful of people needs such systems. Therefore, in any society, we need capable people who have the mental makeup and skill set to perform these administrative and leadership functions. One who has the mental makeup to lead, administer and defend, is called a kshatriya.
 
Shri Krishna lists the qualities of a kshatriya in this shloka. Shauryam or valour is the courage needed to fight a war. Tejaha refers to fearlessness or boldness in the face of an enemry. Dhritihi or fortitude is the ability to hold on to one’s mission in spite of physical and mental obstacles. Daakshyam is skillfulness or resourcefulness that enables one to think on one’s feet and get the job done. Apalaayanam literally means not turning the back on one’s enemy. All these qualities are needed in a capable soldier or commander.
 
Kshatriya also refers to administrators, bureaucrats and politicians. Daanam or charity is the ability to remove any sense of personal attachment to wealth, such that it can be deployed for the welfare of the community. Ishvara bhaava refers to the ability to rule or to exert one’s authority upon a set of people in the same benevolent way that God does. It appears that such qualities are quite lacking in today’s kshatriyas. In any case, kshatriyas have a predominance of rajas, followed by a moderate degree of sattva.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 42, Chapter 18

30 Sunday Jun 2013

Posted by in 18.42, aaarjam, aastikyam, brahmakarma, chapter 18 verse 42, damaha, jnyaanam, kshaantihi, shamaha, shaucham, svabhaajavam, tapaha, vijnyaanam

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shamo damastapaha shaucham kshaantiraaarjameva cha |
jnyaanam vijnyaanamaastikyam brahmakarma svabhaajavam || 42 ||
 
Restraint of mind and sense organs, penance, purity, forgiveness, and also, knowledge, wisdom and faith, these are the natural duties of a braahman.
 
shamaha : mental restraint
damaha : sensual restraint
tapaha : penance
shaucham : purity
kshaantihi : forgiveness
aaarjam : straightforwardness
eva : also
cha : and
jnyaanam : knowledge
vijnyaanam : wisdom
aastikyam : faith
brahmakarma : duties of a braahman
svabhaajavam : natural
 
Sant Raidas was a cobbler. Sant Tukaram was a farmer. Mirabai was a princess. Sant Namdev came from a family of tailors. Swami Vivekananda was born into an aristocratic family. Sant Chokhamela came from a family that was treated as untouchable. Although all these saints came from different occupations and externally imposed castes, their mental makeup, was that of a braahman. Shri Krishna says that one who is born with, or comes to imbibe, a certain set of qualities and a certain kind of mental makeup, acts according to that mental makeup, and therefore is a braahman.
 
Restraint of mind and senses is seen in actions of braahmans. They never get agitated or perturbed even in the worst of situations. They have an immense capacity to bear and withstand these situations, which comes from leading a life of austerity and penance. Their mind is pure since it does not entertain thoughts of selfishness or hatred. Any mental or physical harm caused by someone else is instantly forgiven. They are extremely straightforward in their dealings with the world, since their mind, speech and actions are in line with each other.
 
Every action performed by a braahmana comes out of knowledge and discrimination. They never perform actions thoughtlessly or carelessly. This knowledge is not purely academic, it becomes wisdom due to the braahman’s ability to apply it to practical situations. Braahmanas also have faith in the teachings of the scriptures, regardless of whether they have learned formally, or have first hand experience of those teachings. Broadly, all these characteristics are the product of a high degree of sattva in the mind, and only a tinge of rajas and tamas.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 41, Chapter 18

29 Saturday Jun 2013

Posted by in 18.41, braahmankshatriyavishaam, chapter 18 verse 41, gunaihi, karmaani, parantapa, pravibhaktaani, shoodraanaam, svabhaavaprabhavaihi

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braahmankshatriyavishaam shoodraanaam cha parantapa |
karmaani pravibhaktaani svabhaavaprabhavairgunaihi || 41 ||
 
The duties of braahmans, kshatriyas, vaishyas and shoodras, O scorcher of foes, have been classified according to the gunaas, which have born of nature.
 
braahmankshatriyavishaam : braahmans, kshatriyas and vaishyas
shoodraanaam : of shoodras
cha : and
parantapa : O scorcher of foes
karmaani : duties
pravibhaktaani : have been classified
svabhaavaprabhavaihi : born of nature
gunaihi : gunaas
 
All of us are born with unique proportion of gunaas, with certain levels of sattva, tamas and rajas. These gunaas determine how we perceive the world, how we think about the world, and how we act and transact in the world. At a minimum, we want to live a healthy and materially prosperous life. Now we have seen that high levels of rajas and tamas can bring our downfall. But we cannot sit at home by ourselves, fearful of their impact. We have to engage with the world, transact with society. What should we do?
 
Shri Krishna says that we first need to understand our mental makeup. Once we have studied and analyzed our mental makeup, we can channel our inherent tendencies into productive actions that contribute to the well being society. If we perform our duty to society, society will ensure that we live a healthy life and prosperous life. After all, society is nothing but a larger manifestation of Ishvara. This the best and most practical career counseling advice given to us in the Gita.
 
So this section of shlokas educates us about analyzing our internal proportion of gunaas. This system of classification and analyzis is known as the varna system. We have to remind ourselves again to remove all prior conceptions and connotations of varna, which is improperly translated or construed as caste. The caste system as it stands today is not what was envisioned by the Vedas. The analysis of gunaas to understand one’s varna or one’s sphere of activity has to come from within. It cannot be imposed by anyone from the outside.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 40, Chapter 18

28 Friday Jun 2013

Posted by in 18.40, chapter 18 verse 40, deveshu, divi, ebhihi, gunaihe, muktam, prakritijaihi, prithvyaam, punaha, sattvam, syaat, tribhihi

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na tadasti prithvyaam vaa divi deveshu vaa punaha |
sattvam prakritijairmuktam yadebhihi syaattribhirgunaihe || 40 ||
 
There is no being on earth, or in heaven, or among the gods, or also in heaven, which can be free from the three gunaas born of Prakriti.
 
na : no
tat : that
asti : is
prithvyaam : on earth
vaa : or
divi : in heaven
deveshu : among gods
vaa : or
punaha : or also
sattvam : being
prakritijaihi : born of Prakriti
muktam : free
yat : which
ebhihi : these
syaat : there is
tribhihi : three
gunaihe : from gunaas
 
We are at the halfway mark of the eighteenth shloka, so let us recap what we have come across so far. The chapter began with Arjuna asking Shri Krishna about the difference between sanyaasa and tyaaga. Shri Krishna did not answer this question directly, but addressed the topic of karma yoga, which is the same as tyaaga. He ended this topic by declaring that the consequence or the fruit of action binds those who are attached to personal reward, and does not bind to those who are not attached. Next, he analyzed knowledge, action, agent, intellect, fortitude and happiness with the framework of the three gunaas, which is concluded with this shloka.
 
Shri Krishna summarizes this analysis by proclaiming the dominion of the three gunaas. He says that there is no being, object or entity, living or inert, that is beyond the influence of the gunaas. The gunaas work throughout the universe, and not just in a certain part of it, like the earth. We may be tempted to take this proclamation in a negative sense by accepting that there is no escape from the grip of Prakriti, no liberation. But that is not the case. The proclamation is meant to reinforce one of the central messages of the Gita, which is that Prakriti by itself is not the problem, it is our identification with Prakriti that is the problem we need to tackle.
 
The nature of this predicament was referenced in the fifteenth chapter through the illustration of the upside down tree which comprises the three gunaas. Only through the axe of detachment can this tree be destroyed. But, given that everything ultimately is under the influence of Prakriti, how can such a weapon be obtained? How can the identification with Prakriti be ended? Before this fundamental question is taken up, Shri Krishna spends a few shlokas on another preparatory topic next.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 39, Chapter 18

27 Thursday Jun 2013

Posted by in 18.39, aatmanaha, agre, anubandhe, chapter 18 verse 39, mohanam, nidraalasyapramaadottham, sukham, taamasam, udaahritam

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yadagre chaanubandhe cha sukham mohanamaatmanaha |
nidraalasyapramaadottham tattaamasamudaahritam || 39 ||
 
That which deludes the self initially and in its result, caused by sleep, lethargy and intoxication, that joy is called taamasic.
 
yat : that which
agre : initially
cha : and
anubandhe : in its result
cha : and
sukham : joy
mohanam : deludes
aatmanaha : self
nidraalasyapramaadottham : caused by sleep, lethargy and intoxication
tat : that
taamasam : taamasic
udaahritam : is called
 
There are some people in this world for whom even ten hours of sleep is not enough. Some others do not want to start any task unless they are reminded several times. Or even worse, some people constantly seek alcohol, smoking or drugs. There has to be a reason why people gravitate to such methods. They derive joy, happiness and a sense of pleasure in these things, even if they know that they will lead to social, physical and mental ruin in the long run. Such a kind of joy is called taamasic sukha.
 
Shri Krishna says that such people are in moha. They are deluded into thinking that the state of stupor, created by indulging in excessive sleep, laziness and intoxication, is happiness. In other words, there is some sensation of joy which has to be acknowledged, but it is unwanted and destructive. Worse still, this perverse type of joy remains throughout the beginning, middle and end of the action. A lazy person will remain comfortably situated in his stupor throughout the day, and continue in his stupor through sleep in the night.
 
If we examine our lives, we may see that there are a few moments where we may sink into partaking taamasic joy. It is next to impossible to come out of this state once we are in it. Once someone has had a high quantity of alcohol, for instance, there is no way for them to recover. They just have to wait for it to leave the body naturally. Short of keeping a high level of awareness towards what we eat, drink, watch and think about, there is no clear antidote for taamasic joy.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 38, Chapter 18

26 Wednesday Jun 2013

Posted by in 18.38, agre, amritopamam, chapter 18 verse 38, parinaame, raajasam, smritam, sukham, visham

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vishayendriyasamyoogaadyattadagremritopamam |
parinaame vishamiva tatsukham raajasam smritam || 38 ||
 
That which comes from the contact of senses with their objects, which is like nectar initially, but like poison in its result, that joy is called raajasic.
 
vishayeindriyasamyoogaat : from contact of senses with objects
yat : that which
tat : that
agre : initially
amritopamam : like nectar
parinaame : in its result
visham : poison
iva : like
tat : that
sukham : joy
raajasam : raajasic
smritam : is called
 
When we see a movie, we have the option of watching it in 3D or 3D IMAX. Everyone has a cellphone with a built in music player. Perfumes are available for any budget. Innumerable options make buying clothes a nightmare. International cuisine is available in most major cities. We are truly living in the age of sensory overload. It is hard to imagine a situation, except deep sleep, where we are not exposed to some sensory indulgence.
 
What is behind all of this? Sensory excitement is mistaken for joy in our world. Shri Krishna says that such sensory indulgence generates some temporary excitement in the beginning, but results in fatigue, or worse still, ill health, in the end. In his commentary, Shri Shankaraachaarya describes the effects of sensory indulgence. It leads to decline in strength, vitality, colour, wisdom, intellect, memory, wealth and most importantly, energy. Whenever there is sense contact beyond what is needed to sustain the body, our energy reserves are depleted.
 
Therefore, we need to stop giving such a lot of importance to sense objects and sense indulgence. The body will have a biological urge such as thirst, which can easily be quenched by water. But our mind craves for a soft drink instead of water, because it has associated the idea of joy with that soft drink. Such superimposition of joy on inert objects is called shobhana adhyaasa. Whenever such thoughts arise, we should counter them with sattvic thoughts of good health, fitness and wellness.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 37, Chapter 18

25 Tuesday Jun 2013

Posted by in 18.37, aatmabuddhiprasaadajam, agre, amritopapam, chapter 18 verse 37, parinaame, proktam, saattvikam, sukham, visham

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yattadagre vishameva parinaamemritopapam |
tatsukham saattvikam proktamaatmabuddhiprasaadajam || 37 ||
 
That which is like poison initially, but is like nectar in its result, that joy is said to be saattvic, born of one’s mental purity.
 
yat : that
tat : which
agre : initially
visham : poison
eva : like
parinaame : in its result
amritopapam : like nectar
tat : that
sukham : joy
saattvikam : saattvic
proktam : is said
aatmabuddhiprasaadajam : born of one’s mental purity
 
Most of us dread going to the doctor’s office for a vaccination. Some of us will try to postpone, or even cancel, an upcoming vaccination. What causes such fear? It is just a little bit of a pinch, that too for a few seconds, caused by the needle of the syringe. Fear is also caused by the anticipation of this pain. But we all know that any vaccination is given to us for our own long term benefit. It will prevent us from catching all kinds of diseases that can cripple us or even kill us.
 
So therefore, the reward for bearing pain is extremely beneficial to us. Shri Krishna says that sattvic joy is similar, in that when we first begin to experience it, it is quite unpleasant, but in the end, it is as pleasant as nectar. No spiritual path is easy to take up in the beginning. In karma yoga, one has to work selflessly, chipping away at the ego. The leap of faith needed for bhakti is difficult for people who have grown up doubting everything. Jnyaana yoga requires a high degree of awareness, whereas most of us lead automated robotic lives where someone else has done out thinking for us.
 
All of these practices have their goal as the purification of the mind, and of removing its three main doshas or faults: mala or selfish desire, vikshepa or lack of focus, and avarana or ignorance. Unless these three faults are diminished to a great extent, we will be unable to comprehend the nature of sattvic joy. This is unlike any joy we know so far, because it does not depend on any external factors such as objects, people or situations. It comes from inside, from the intellect that has turned inward towards the self.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 36, Chapter 18

24 Monday Jun 2013

Posted by in 18.36, abhyaasaat, bharatarshabha, chapter 18 verse 36, duhkhaantam, idaaneem, nigachhati, ramate, shrunu, sukham, trividham, yatra

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sukham tvidaaneem trividham shrunu me bharatarshabha |
abhyaasaadramate yatra duhkhaantam cha nigachhati || 36 ||
 
Now, listen also to the three types of joy from me, O foremost among Bharatas, in which one enjoys its practice and attains the end of sorrow.
 
sukham : joy
tu : also
idaaneem : now
trividham : three types
shrunu : listen
me : from me
bharatarshabha : O foremost among Bharatas
abhyaasaat : practice
ramate : enjoys
yatra : in which
duhkhaantam : end of sorrow
cha : and
nigachhati : attains
 
At the end of the day, the end goal of any endeavour or action is to eliminate some type of sorrow, whether it is in the short term to remove hunger, or it is in the long term to prevent financial instability in our family. The lifecycle of an action begins with Vaasanaas. These Vaasanaas or deep rooted impressions create thoughts, some of these thoughts become desires, and consequently, desires become actions. When the action is complete and the target of the action is attained, the desire subsides, and the mind is free of desires for a split second. This stillness of the mind results in joy.
 
Shri Krishna says that even this joy obtained as the result of an action is in the realm of Prakrirti. Any by product of an action is in the realm of Prakriti since actions themselves are in Prakriti. So therefore, this joy can also be classified into three types, which are saattvic, raajasic and taamasic. This also mean that the type of joy obtained is closely related to the knowledge, doer and action behind obtaining that joy. A taamasic action will not result in saattvic joy.
 
Shri Krishna also adds that the complete end of sorrow is only obtained through saattvic joy. This is because the other two types of joy, raajasic and taamasic, are mixed and impure respectively. They either have a tinge of sattva, or none at all. Furthermore, saattvic joy is such that having tasted it even a little bit, one becomes so attracted to it that one delights in performing actions that result in sattvic joy. That is why, saattvic joy is described in detail in the next shloka.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 35, Chapter 18

23 Sunday Jun 2013

Posted by in 18.35, bhayam, chapter 18 verse 35, dhritihi, durmedhaa, madam, mataa, shokam, svapnam, taamasee, vimunchati, vishaadam, yayaa

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yayaa svapnam bhayam shokam vishaadam madameva cha |
na vimunchati durmedhaa dhritihi saa taamasee mataa || 35 ||
 
That by which one with an inferior intellect does not give up sleep, fear, sorrow, dismay and intoxication, that fortitude is considered taamasic.
 
yayaa : by which
svapnam : sleep
bhayam : fear
shokam : sorrow
vishaadam : dismay
madam : intoxication
eva : also
cha : and
na : not
vimunchati : one gives up
durmedhaa : inferior intellect
dhritihi : fortitude
saa : that
taamasee : taamasic
mataa : considered
 
Fortitude is the quality of the intellect by which it holds on to certain thoughts, and rejects others. From the start of a task to its end, our intellect is confronted with a barrage of thoughts. If it drops the thought of completing the task and starts holding on to other tasks, it will never be able to take the task to its conclusion. Sattvic fortitude is active for all tasks, raajasic fortitude is active only for tasks motivated by selfishness and sense enjoyment. The third kind of dhriti or fortitude, one which holds on to everything but the task at hand, is taamasic.
 
While performing any task, it is natural to expect obstacles, and some fear as well. There are moments when our body and mind is tired, and we need to take some rest. If some things do not go as planned, we feel sorrow. If things do not go as planned repeatedly, we may also feel depressed or dejected. Conversely, if we experience some temporary successes, we may get intoxicated with the mental high, with the pride generated by those successes. Shri Krishna says that the fortitude that drops the thought of completing the task and holds on to any of these temporary thoughts is taamasic.
 
What causes someone to develop such a negative kind of fortitude? It is the degree of discrimination inherent in the intellect. One with a moderate level of discrimination has raajasic fortitude. But one in which there is little to no discrimination has no clue that he is choosing to hold on to thoughts that will ultimately lead him to ruin. Or to put it another way, one who has perversely high level of attachment to a certain object, person or situation will lose whatever level of discrimination he has left, due to the pursuit of that object of desire.