Category Archives: karma

Bhagavad Gita Verse 10, Chapter 18

29 Wednesday May 2013

Posted by in 18.10, akushalam, anushajjate, chapter 18 verse 10, chinnasamshayaha, dveshti, karma, kushale, medhaavee, na, sattvasamaavishtaha, tyaagee

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na dveshtyakushalam karma kushale naanushajjate |
tyaagee sattvasamaavishto medhaavee chinnasamshayaha || 10 ||
 
He does not dislike inauspicious action, nor does he get attached to auspicious action, he who gives up is pervaded by sattva, is wise, and free of doubts.
 
na : not
dveshti : dislike
akushalam : inauspicious
karma : action
kushale : auspicious
na : not
anushajjate : attached
tyaagee : that one who gives up
sattvasamaavishtaha : pervaded by sattva
medhaavee : wise
chinnasamshayaha : free of doubts
 
So far, three types of renunciation or giving up were described. Shri Krishna now describes the nature of the person who conducts renunciation in the proper manner, the saattvic tyaagi. Such a person is pervaded by sattva. This means that his intellect is able to discriminate between what is real and what is not, in other words, what is the eternal essence and what is the illusory world. This person is described as medhaavee, one who is wise due to the knowledge of the eternal essence, the self.
 
What makes this person different than the other so-called renouncers? It is his indifferent attitude towards action. Though he knows that every action has the potential to generate further sorrow and further desires, he does not hate that action but in fact, continues to do his duty. Conversely, though he knows that doing his duty will eventually make him fit for liberation, or if there is some action that he loves to perform, he does not develop a sense of attachment for it.
 
Eventually, a slow transformation takes place in such a person. Performing karma yoga, which is the same as performing saattvika tyaaga, leads a person to slowly recognize his true nature as the unchanging, unmoving eternal essence. He begins to realize that he is not performing any action at all, it is Prakriti that is doing all the work. When he comes to realize this, he becomes chinnasamshayaha, free of all doubts about who he really is, about his true nature.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 9, Chapter 18

28 Tuesday May 2013

Posted by in 18.9, arjuna, chapter 18 verse 9, kaaryam, karma, kriyate, mataha, niyatam, phalam, saattvikaha, sangam, tyaagaha, tyaktvaa

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kaaryamityeva yatkarma niyatam kriyaterjuna |
sangam tyaktvaa phalam chaiva sa tyaagaha saattviko mataha || 9 ||
 
Whatever action is done, should be performed only as an obligatory duty. In this manner, giving up attachment and also the reward, that giving up is saattvic, in my opinion.
 
kaaryam : action
iti : in this manner
eva : only
yat : whatever
karma : actions
niyatam : obligatory
kriyate : is performed
arjuna : O Arjuna
sangam : attachment
tyaktvaa : giving up
phalam : reward
cha : and
eva : also
saha : that
tyaagaha : giving up
saattvikaha : saattvic
mataha : opinion
 
Shri Krishna explains the correct way, the saattvic method, of performing actions. Let us look at this step by step. The first step is to only perform actions that are within the realm of our state in life, our aashrama, and our career, our varna. Actions that are prohibited or actions that are purely out of selfishness should not be performed. These actions are termed as niyatam karma in the shloka. A high degree of awareness is required to first ensure that we are not stepping into any prohibited actions.
 
The second step is to give up attachment to the reward, the phala, the fruit, of the action. Attachment to the reward need not be something tangible and physical. It could be subtle things like praise and adoration received from others on successful completion of the action. It could be a subtle thought such as “I have helped that person, so nice of me to do so”. The goal is to slowly wean the mind away from its natural tendency to expect rewards for every action. We can do so my substituting our personal motive with a motive for selfless service.
 
The third step is to give up attachment to the action itself. We saw the types of attachment to action in the previous shloka, including attachment to the completion of action and attachment to one particular way of performing the action. The key is to realize that at every moment, we are giving it the best of our ability and attention. The rest is upto Ishvara, since there are several other factors at play in the outcome of an action. But in no circumstance should our energy level go down. We have to combine energy in our work with indifference to the reward of the work.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 8, Chapter 18

27 Monday May 2013

Posted by in 18.8, chapter 18 verse 8, duhkham, kaayakleshabhayaat, karma, kritvaa, labhet, raajasam, tyaagam, tyaagaphalam, tyajet

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duhkhamityeva yatkarma kaayakleshabhayaattyajet |
sa kritvaa raajasam tyaagam naiva tyaagaphalam labhet || 8 ||
 
Whatever action is given up because it is quite sorrowful, from fear of bodily distress, he performs that giving up which is raajasic, and does not even obtain the reward of giving up.
 
duhkham : sorrowful
iti : in this manner
eva : quite
yat : whatever
karma : action
kaayakleshabhayaat : fear of bodily distress
tyajet : given up
saha : that
kritvaa : performs
raajasam : raajasic
tyaagam : giving up
na : not
eva : even
tyaagaphalam : reward of giving up
labhet : he obtains
 
A little knowledge of the scriptures can prove to be dangerous. Earlier, we came across some people who claim to be performing spiritual renunciation of action, or the giving up of action, when in reality they are lazy, idle or careless in performing their obligatory duties. Now Shri Krishna describes another misinterpretation of tyaaga or giving up. He says that those who give up their duties simply because they will cause sorrow or distress to their body are practising tyaaga that is raajasic.
 
Many times we may shirk from performing our job at work, or perform a job half heartedly, because we think it will cause us pain or sorrow. We may have to give some bad news to a client. We may have to fire an underperforming employee. We may procrastinate starting a project because we may have to put in some extra hours. Such behaviour could come into our family lives as well. We may hesitate in helping out a relative because we may have to expend some of our money and energy.
 
Why do we fear pain or sorrow? We tend to forget many of the teachings of the second chapter. We are not the body, our true nature is the eternal essence. But we have a strong sense of attachment to the body and the mind. We are advised to patiently develop titkshaa, the quality of forbearance, towards pain and sorrow while discharging our duties. Instead, we fall back into our old ways of thinking and run away from our duties. Shri Krishna says that people who abandon their duties out of fear of pain and sorrow will not get the fruit of giving up actions, which is purity and peace of mind.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 3, Chapter 18

22 Wednesday May 2013

Posted by in 18.3, apare, chapter 18 verse 3, doshavat, eke, iti, karma, maneeshinaha, na, praahuhu, tyaajyam, yajnyadaanatapahakarma

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tyaajyam doshavadityeke karma praahurmaneeshinaha |
yajnyadaanatapahakarma na tyaajyamiti chaapare || 3 ||
 
Actions, being fault filled, should be given up, many contemplative people say this. Others say that actions of sacrifice, charity and penance should not be given up.
 
tyaajyam : give up
doshavat : fault filled
iti : in this manner
eke : many
karma : actions
praahuhu : say
maneeshinaha : contemplative people
yajnyadaanatapahakarma : actions of sacrifice, charity and penance
na : not
tyaajyam : give up
iti : in this manner
cha : and
apare : others
 
In the previous shloka, Shri Krishna shared two prevailing views on the topic of karma yoga. The first view is that one should give up all kaamya karmas, all desire prompted actions. Any action that is undertaken for a personal reward is a desire prompted action. The second view is that one should give up the rewards of all types of actions, including kaamya karmas and nitya karmas or duties. Giving up does not mean physically giving up the reward. It means giving up the attachment to the reward in our mind.
 
Before sharing his definition of karma yoga, Shri Krishna describes two other viewpoints on karma yoga. He says that maneeshees, those who have a contemplative bent of mind, advise that it is futile to undertake any action, because all actions are filled with some fault or the other. They are of the opinion that any action, no matter how small, eventually grows in size, binds us and makes us dance to its tune. Such people prefer to lead a life of monkhood and spend their time immersed in thinking and contemplation.
 
The fourth viewpoint on karmayoga advocates similar but less radical approach than the prior viewpoint. It narrows the scope of actions to just three: sacrifice, charity and penance. In other words, you have to fulfill your obligations towards Ishvara, your fellow human beings, and to yourself. So then, what actions are left out here? This viewpoint does not sanction the performance of actions with regards to our profession, our career and so on. It assumes that one can live without earning a livelihood.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 27, Chapter 17

17 Friday May 2013

Posted by in 17.27, abhidheeyate, chapter 17 verse 27, daane, karma, sat, sthitihi, tadartheeyam, tapasi, uchyate, yajnye

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yajnye tapasi daane cha sthitihi saditi chochyate |
karma chaiva tadartheeyam sadityevaabhidheeyate || 27 ||
 
Steadfastness in sacrifice, austerity and charity is called Sat, and also, action relation to these is called Sat.
 
yajnye : sacrifice
tapasi : penance
daane : in charity
cha : and
sthitihi : steadfastness
sat : Sat
iti : in this manner
cha : and
uchyate : is called
karma : action
cha : and
eva : also
tadartheeyam : related to these
sat : Sat
iti : in this manner
eva : also
abhidheeyate : is called
 
In the concluding shlokas of this chapter, Shri Krishna described the purifying chant Om Tat Sat. Any sattvic action will be freed of defects, attachment to the action and its reward will be weakened, all notions of duality will be muted when we use this purifying chant. Now we may say that in this day and age, we may not have the time to follow the guidelines given in this chapter to make our actions and our intake sattvic. Following the guidelines in the scriptures is beyond our scope anyway.
 
As usual, Shri Krishna makes things easy for us. He says our stithi, our steadfastness is towards Ishvara, is the most important thing to pay attention to. If we take care of our steadfastness, and chant Om Tat Sat with that steadfastness, every action that we perform will become sattvic and a means towards liberation. What does sthithi or steadfastness mean? It is that which our mind is occupied the most. If we keep a notebook next to our bed, and write down the first thought that comes to mind when we wake up, we will know what our stithi is within a few days.
 
Many people say that a sport such as cricket or tennis is their life. Others say that it is their career, others say it is their family, others say it is their family and so on. It is the first thought that they wake up with in the morning. When our first thought, and also, the constant background thought throughout the day is that of Ishvara, all our actions will automatically become sattvic. We will not have to take any additional precaution or follow any other guideline. For instance, if we are in constant thought of Ishvara, we will never think of donating anything with a view to get something back in return. Action follows thought, and with the constant thought of Ishvara, actions take care of themselves.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 3, Chapter 8

30 Saturday Jun 2012

Posted by in 8.3, adhyaatmam, aksharam, bhaavaha, bhavakaraha, bhoota, brahma, chapter 8 verse 3, karma, paramam, samjnyitam, svabhaavaha, uchyate, visargaha

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Shree Bhagavan uvaacha:
aksharam brahma paramam svabhaavodhyaatmamuchyate |
bhootabhaavodbhavakaro visargaha karmasamjnyitam || 3 ||
 
Shree Bhagavan said:
“Brahman” is the imperishable supreme. “Adhyaatma” is individual nature. “Karma” is defined as the force that produces the existence of beings.
 
aksharam : imperishable
brahma : “brahman”
paramam : supreme
svabhaavaha : individual nature
adhyaatmam : “adhyaatma”
uchyate : is called
bhoota : beings
bhaavaha : existence
bhavakaraha : produce
visargaha : force
karma : “karma”
samjnyitam : defined
 
As we saw earlier, Arjuna asked seven questions to Shri Krishna. In this shloka, three questions are answered. We shall use the illustration of the animated character Tom to get an additional perspective on the answers given by Shri Krishna.
 
First, Shri Krishna answers the question “What is that brahman”. He says that brahman is the imperishable, supreme eternal essence that we encountered in the second chapter. In terms of our illustration, brahman is the light in the movie projector that illuminates the film strip. It has no specific shape, qualities or attributes. It is just light. It stands as a witness and is not affected by whatever is happening in the movie. It can exist without the movie, but the movie cannot exist without it.
 
“What is adhyaatma” is answered next. Shri Krishna says that it is svabhaava, or the set of qualities of an individual. Each person in this world has a unique combination of attributes, a unique permutation of sattva, rajas and tamas that is their own. When the universal eternal essence is conditioned or covered by an individual’s attributes, it is known as adhyaatma or aatma.
 
In the example of the movie projector, karma refers to the portion of light that illuminates the character of Tom. Suppose Tom is wearing a blue outfit and is walking on a green lawn. A portion of the movie projector’s light shines blue on the movie screen. The other portion shines blue. The portion of light that shines blue and thinks that it has its own identity – that is adhyaatma.
 
Lastly, Shri Krishna answers the question “What is karma”. He says that it is the force that brings about the creation of every entity in this universe. At one level, it is the mechanism in the projector that brings to life the story that lies hidden in the film strip. At another level, it is the animator’s act of drawing the characters in the movie. Essentially, it is the force that converts an unmanifested object into a manifested object.
 
Similarly, we can say that Ishvara set into motion this entire universe with the one original action that has resulted into the millions and millions of actions that occur in the universe every second. It was the seed of all future actions in the universe. But our ego, our false sense of individuality, comes under the delusion that it is the doer of all actions. Each such individualistic action causes us to further identify with our body, and go further from liberation. Ultimately, like the movie that eventually ends in two hours, everything that is unmanifested will be manifested and will be dissolved, only to start all over again.
 
Shri Krishna continues with his explanations in the next shloka.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 1, Chapter 8

29 Friday Jun 2012

Posted by in 8.1, adhibhootam, adhidaivam, adhyaatma, brahma, cha, chapter 8 verse 1, karma, kim, proktam, purushottama, tat, uchyate

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Arjuna uvaacha:
kim tadbrahma kimadhyaatmam kim karma purushottama |
adhibhootam cha kim proktamadhidaivam kimuchyate || 1 ||
 
Arjuna said:
What is that “brahman”? What is “adhyaatma”? What is “karma”? O supreme person. What is termed as “adhibhoota” and “adhidaiva”?
 
kim : what is
tat : that
brahma : “brahman”
adhyaatma : “adhyaatma”
karma : “karma”
purushottama : O supreme person
adhibhootam : “adhibhoota”
cha : and
proktam : what is termed as
adhidaivam : “adhidaivam”
uchyate : what is termed as
 
Shri Krishna ended the previous chapter by referencing some technical terms, and stressed the need for Arjuna to understand these terms completely so that he could realize Ishvara. Here, Arjuna does a favour to all future students of the Gita by asking Shri Krishna to clearly define these terms. In that regard, Arjuna asks the definition of four terms in this shloka: adhyaatma, karma, adhibhoota and adhidaiva.
 
This chapter is perhaps one of the more philosophical and esoteric chapters of the Gita. It deals with the theme of life after death, something that has not been addressed so far in the Gita. Furthermore, The definition of the aforementioned technical terms is provided, but has been interpreted differently by various commentators, so we need to chose the most clear and straightforward explanation. We will also get a sweeping glimpse of the Gita’s view on the origin of the cosmos.
 
To better understand these technical terms, let us set up an illustration. First, let us quickly look at how a movie projector works. A projector consists of a bright light that shines onto a strip of film. This film strip contains a series of images that are shot by a movie camera, or drawn by an animator in case of an animated movie. When the film strip is run through the projector, the images are projected onto the movie screen. The fast speed of the moving images creates the illusion of movement on the screen.
 
Let us further say that there is an animated movie called “Tom” that shows a day in the life of Tom who is a teenager. Tom wakes up, eats breakfast, goes to school, comes back home, plays with his friends and goes to sleep. It is a very simple movie. Like any other animated movie it follows a script written by a scriptwriter, and is in fact a sequence of images drawn by an animator.
 
Now, here’s where we have to stretch our thinking. Imagine that by some inexplicable magic, the light that shines on Tom on the film strip begins to think that it is different than the light that shines on the other part of the film strip. It develops an identity of its own. It even begins to think that it is actually waking up, going to school and so on.
 
The light of the projector has identified itself with Tom. What happens next? We will continue to develop this illustration further in the explanation of the next shloka.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 29, Chapter 7

25 Monday Jun 2012

Posted by in 7.29, adhyaatmam, akhilam, ashritya, brahma, cha, chapter 7 verse 29, jaraa, karma, kritsnam, maam, marana, mokshaaya, tat, te, viduhu, yatanti, ye

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jaraamaranamokshaaya maamashritya yatanti ye |
te brahma tadviduhu kritsnamadhyaatmam karma chaakhilam || 29 ||
 
Those who strive for liberation from old age and death seeking my refuge, they know “brahman” as well as “adhyaatma” and “karma” completely.
 
jaraa : old age
marana : death
mokshaaya : for liberation from
maam : my
ashritya : taken refuge
yatanti : strive
ye : those who
te : they
brahma : brahman
tat : that
viduhu : know
kritsnam : completely
adhyaatmam : adhyaatma
karma : karma
cha : and
akhilam : entire
 
As a prelude to the eighth chapter, Shri Krishna introduces a series of technical terms that a devotee needs to know the meaning of in order to gain access to Ishvara. The terms are listed in this shloka and the next shloka, whereas the meaning of the terms is explained in the beginning of the eighth chapter.
 
Who exactly is this devotee? Shri Krishna says that it is that devotee who is striving. In other words, he is performing karma yoga for purification of his mind and intellect, and has become ready for meditation. But this devotee is not driven by blind faith. He is a jnyaani or wise devotee.
 
So now, what should the wise devotee have knowledge of? Three technical terms are mentioned in this shloka : brahman, adhyaatma and karma. Some more terms will be added in the next and last shloka of the seventh chapter.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 1, Chapter 6

03 Tuesday Apr 2012

Posted by in 6.1, akriyaha, anaashritaha, cha, chapter 6 verse 1, ha, kaaryam, karma, karmaphalam, karoti, na, niragnirana, saha, sannyaasi, yaha, yogi

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Shree Bhagavaan uvaacha:
anaashritaha karmaphalam kaaryam karma karoti yaha |
sa sannyaasi cha yogi cha na niragnirana chaakriyaha || 1 ||

One who performs obligatory action, without reliance upon results of action, that person is a monk as well as a yogi; not one who has renounced fire or action.

anaashritaha : without reliance upon
karmaphalam : results of action
kaaryam : obligatory
karma : actions
karoti : performing
yaha : one who
saha : that person
sannyaasi : is a monk
cha : and
yogi : is a yogi
cha : also
na : not
niragnirana : one who has renounced fire
cha : and
akriyaha : one who has renounced action

Shri Krishna begins the sixth chapter titled “Dhyaana Yoga” or yoga of meditation by redefining what is meant by a monk and a dhyaana yogi or meditator. He says that one who performs actions in the spirit of karmayoga, per his definition, is both a monk and a meditator. The meditator is not one who has given up his duties or actions, who has run away from the world.

Meditation is a topic that fascinates everyone. We like the idea of going to a retreat, away from all our troubles, and sit in a tranquil place to meditate. But as we shall see in the rest of this chapter, Shri Krishna has a unique viewpoint about the process of meditation, and of who is qualified to become a meditator. He first says that only one who is engaged in the expression of his desires through karmayoga, through the performance of svadharma, is a good meditator.

As long as our vaasanaas or our impressions exist, they will continue to generate desires that will propel us away from the inner self and out into the world. They will make us restless and agitated. So the karmayogi intelligently channels these desires and expresses these desires. The key point is that the results of actions generated by these desires are submitted to a higher ideal, so that the results lose their power to create further selfish desires. As our attachment to results drops, the mental restlessness and agitations diminish, making us fit to pursue meditation.

Shri Krishna drives home the point with two examples. First, he says that one does not have to renounce fire in order to perform meditation. In the olden days, householders would maintain a sacrificial fire in their homes. Absence of the fire indicated renouncing the duties of a householder. In other words, Shri Krishna says that one does not have to give up their household duties for pursuing meditation. Second, one does not have to physically renounce action and retire to a monastery to meditate. The culmination of karmayoga is the loss of sense of doership. This is the qualification of a meditator.

Bhagavad Gita Verse 11, Chapter 5

14 Wednesday Mar 2012

Posted by in 5.11, aatmashuddhaye, api, buddhyaa, chapter 5 verse 11, indriyaihi, kaayena, karma, kavalaih, kurvanti, manasaa, sangam, tyaktvaa, yoginaha

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kaayena manasaa buddhyaa kevalairindriyairapi |
yoginaha karma kurvanti sangam tyakvaatmashuddhaye || 11 ||

Solely with body, mind, intellect and senses does the seeker perform actions, casting off all attachment, for the purification of the self.

kaayena : with body
manasaa : mind
buddhyaa : intellect
kevalaih : solely (without a sense of mine)
indriyaihi : senses
api : only
yoginaha : seeker
karma : actions
kurvanti : perform
sangam : attachment
tyakvaa : cast off
aatmashuddhaye : purification of self

In the previous shloka, Shri Krishna explained how a karma yogi offers his actions to Ishvara. But how exactly does he do that? Shri Krishna in this shloka says that the karma yogi continuously keeps the thought that the body, mind, intellect and senses – all these are the property of Ishvara, given by Ishvara. Therefore, all the work done is for the benefit for Ishvara, and not for the ego.

The Gita teaches that the body, mind, intellect and senses are not really “ours”. But due to our conditioning, we come to think that they are ours. We then begin to do things for their benefit. For example, the tongue likes sweet food, so we undertake actions to satisfy it by eating things that may not be healthy from a long term perspective. When actions are done for the satisfaction of body, mind, intellect and senses, the sense of “mine-ness” develops and the ego gets strengthened. We then begin to serve the ego.

In this regard, let us recall example of the CFO we had encountered a while ago. As long as the CFO thinks that she is working for company, things will go smoothly. But if she begins to think that working for herself, starts misusing the company’s funds as her own funds, she gets into trouble. Similarly, a karma yogi treats his body, mind, intellect and senses as instruments of Ishvara. When that attitude comes, all actions and their results also get offered to Ishvara. In this manner, the seeker detaches himself from the body, mind, intellect and senses from the ego,  and attaches them to Ishvara. This is what is meant by “casting off all attachment”.

Now, let’s examine the second part of shloka where Shri Krishna talks about purification of self. What happens when karma yogi continues to dedicate actions to Ishvara? His mind gets cleared of all selfish desire, and his ego begins to lose its power. The end result is that the mind is purified of all vaasanaas – which is what is meant by “self” in the shloka. Purification of mind brings the karmayogi closer to self-realization.